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Difference between revisions of "Glycoside Hydrolase Family 76"
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[[Category:Glycoside Hydrolase Families|GH076]] | [[Category:Glycoside Hydrolase Families|GH076]] |
Revision as of 21:10, 13 October 2017
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- Author: ^^^Spencer Williams^^^
- Responsible Curators: ^^^Gideon Davies^^^ and ^^^Harry Gilbert^^^
Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH76 | |
Clan | not assigned |
Mechanism | retaining |
Active site residues | known |
CAZy DB link | |
http://www.cazy.org/GH76.html |
Substrate specificities
Glycoside hydrolases of family GH76 are endo-acting α-mannanases. GH76 genes are found within bacteria and fungi. Bacterial GH76 enzymes cleave α-1,6-mannans, such as those found within the α-1,6-linked backbone of fungal mannoproteins and mycobacterial cell wall lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. This family was originally created from the cloning and characterization of Aman6 from Bacillus circulans TN-31 [1], which appears to be the same enzyme as that characterized much earlier by Ballou and co-workers [2]. Aman6 degrades α-1,6-mannan to a mixture of the mannobiose and mannotriose [1]; mannotriose is the minimum substrate for the enzyme [2]. A possible GH76 enzyme has been detected within Mycobacterium smegmatis, which has the capacity to degrade α-1,6-mannooligosaccharides [3].
Additional characterized GH76 enzymes include several from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron [4]. B. thetaiotaomicron expresses numerous GH76 enzymes. Several of these are found within polysaccharide utilization loci that are specifically up-regulated upon exposure to yeast α-mannan. These enzymes have the capacity to utilize unadorned linear α-1,6-mannan, but have little activity on highly branched wildtype α-mannan. Certain B. thetaiotaomicron GH76 enzymes are lipoenzymes that are associated with the cell surface, where they appear to act on large yeast mannan molecules that have undergone partial trimming to expose sections of the core α-1,6-mannan. Other periplasmic located GH76 enzymes have activity on shorter α-1,6-mannan fragments, which are obtained by importation of partially-digested fragments arising from the action of cell surface enzymes.
Fungal GH76 enzymes have been speculated to be involved in cross-linking of GPI-anchored proteins into the cell wall, where they are proposed to act as transglycosylases [5]. No biochemical data has been obtained for any fungal GH76 enzyme in support of the so-called anchorage hypothesis.
Kinetics and Mechanism
Family GH76 endo-α-mannosidases are retaining enzymes, as first shown by 1H NMR analysis of the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl α-mannosyl-1,6-α-mannopyranoside by a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α-mannanase [4]. GH76 enzymes are believed to proceed through a classical Koshland double-displacement mechanism. Crystallographic evidence from a binary complexes of the catalytic domain of Bacillus circulans Aman6 with substrate and inhibitors, complemented by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations of preferred conformations on-enzyme supports a 1S5→B2,5‡→OS2 conformational reaction coordinate [6].
Catalytic Residues
Inspection of the X-ray structure of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT3792 revealed two consecutive asparate residues, D258 and D259, that were predicted to be catalytic residues [4]. The equivalent pair of conserved aspartic acid residues (D124 and D125 in the catalytic domain of Bacillus circulans Aman6) were identified as catalytic nucleophile and general acid/base, respectively, based on X-ray analysis of substrate and inhibitor complexes, dovetailed with kinetic analysis of mutants [6].
Three-dimensional structures
Three-dimensional structures are available for several bacterial members of GH76, including the catalytic domain of Bacillus circulans Aman6, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT2949 and BT3792, and Listeria innocua Clip11262 (see the GH76 structure page in the CAZy Database). They have an (α/α)6 fold. A complex of mannopentaose bound in the active site of Bacillus circulans GH76 defined the -4 to +1 subsites, and showed the sugar binding in the -1 subsite in a 1S5 conformation and a complex with the inhibitor α-mannosyl-1,6-isofagomine displayed the isofagomine ring in a B2,5 conformation [6]. A complex of the same enzyme with α-1,6-mannobiose showed the disaccharide binding in the -3/-2 subsites (unpublished, PDB ID 4boj).
Family Firsts
- First stereochemistry determination
- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α-1,6-mannanase by 1H NMR [4]
- First catalytic nucleophile identification
- D124 for Bacillus circulans catalytic domain [6].
- First general acid/base residue identification
- D125 for Bacillus circulans catalytic domain [6].
- First 3-D structure of a GH76 enzyme
- Listeria innocua Lin0763 (unpublished, PDB ID 3k7x)
References
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