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Difference between revisions of "Glycoside Hydrolase Family 78"

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== References ==
 
== References ==
 
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<biblio>
#Cantarel2009 pmid=18838391
 
#DaviesSinnott2008 Davies, G.J. and Sinnott, M.L. (2008) Sorting the diverse: the sequence-based classifications of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Biochem. J. (BJ Classic Paper, online only). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20080382 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20080382]
 
 
#Young1989 Young, NM, Johnston RAZ, and Richards, JC. ''Purification of the α-L-rhamnosidase of ''Penicillium decumbens'' and characterisation of two glycopeptide components.'' Carbohydr. Res. 1989 Aug;191(1):53-62. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(89)85045-1 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(89)85045-1]
 
#Young1989 Young, NM, Johnston RAZ, and Richards, JC. ''Purification of the α-L-rhamnosidase of ''Penicillium decumbens'' and characterisation of two glycopeptide components.'' Carbohydr. Res. 1989 Aug;191(1):53-62. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(89)85045-1 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(89)85045-1]
 
#Mutter1994 pmid=7972516
 
#Mutter1994 pmid=7972516

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Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH78
Clan GH-M
Mechanism inverting
Active site residues known
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/GH78.html


Substrate specificities

Family GH78 glycoside hydrolases are found in bacteria and fungi. The characterized activity of this family is α-L-rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40). α-L-Rhamnosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of α-L-rhamnosyl-linkages in L-rhamnose containing compounds, flavonoid glycosides such as naringin, hesperidin and rutin, polysaccharides such as rhamnogalacturonan and arabinogalactan-protein, or glycolipids. α-L-Rhamnosidases have been found to be one component of rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase [1], or naringinase [2].

Kinetics and Mechanism

GH78 enzymes hydrolyze glycosidic bonds through an acid base-assisted single displacement or inverting mechanism elucidated by proton NMR [3, 4]. A number of GH78 α-L-rhamnosidases have molecular masses in the range 80-120 kDa, and are most active at pH 4.0 to 8 and temperature of 50°C against p-nitrophenyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside [1, 5, 6, 7, 8].

Catalytic Residues

The crystallographic and mutagenesis studies of Streptomyces avermitilis α-L-rhamnosidase (SaRha78A), notably including an enzyme-product complex structure, suggested that Glu895 is the catalytic general base responsible for activating a water molecule, and that Glu636 is the catalytic proton donor (acid), responsible for assisting leaving-group departure, in the inverting mechanism used by the enzyme [9]. All characterized α-L-rhamnosidases appear to contain a corresponding glutamate as the catalytic general base.

Three-dimensional structures

The first crystal structure of a GH78 member was determined for Bacillus sp. GL1 α-L-rhamnosidase B (BsRhaB) (PDB ID 2okx) [10]. Subsequently, the crystal structure of the putative α-L-rhamnosidase BT1001 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 was determined by structural genomics project (PDB ID 3cih) [11]. More recently, the crystal structure of Streptomyces avermitilis α-L-rhamnosidase (SaRha78A) in complex with the product L-rhamnose has been reported, revealing key active-site interactions (PDB IDs 3w5m, 3w5n) [9].

α-L-Rhamnosidases have a modular structure. BsRhaB, BT1001, and SaRha78A show five-, four and six-module structures. The catalytic module of GH78 enzymes is an (α/α)6-barrel. A fibronectin type-3 fold β-domain often appears at the N-terminus, and a C-terminal Greek key β-domain exists just after the catalytic module. Several β-domains are also inserted between the N-terminal domain and the catalytic module. Streptomyces avermitilis α-L-rhamnosidase (SaRha78A) possesses one carbohydrate binding module (CBM67), which binds terminal L-rhamnose sugars in the presence of a calcium ion [9].

Family Firsts

First stereochemistry determination
Aspergillus aculeatus α-L-rhamnosidase (RhaA), by 1H-NMR [3].
First general base residue identification
Streptomyces avermitilis α-L-rhamnosidase (SaRha78A), based on mutagensis informed by 3D structural data [9].
First general acid residue identification
Streptomyces avermitilis α-L-rhamnosidase (SaRha78A), based on mutagensis informed by 3D structural data [9].
First 3-D structure
Bacillus sp. GL1 α-L-rhamnosidase B (BsRhaB) (PDB IDs 2okx) [10].

References

  1. Mutter M, Beldman G, Schols HA, and Voragen AG. (1994). Rhamnogalacturonan alpha-L-rhamnopyranohydrolase. A novel enzyme specific for the terminal nonreducing rhamnosyl unit in rhamnogalacturonan regions of pectin. Plant Physiol. 1994;106(1):241-50. DOI:10.1104/pp.106.1.241 | PubMed ID:7972516 [Mutter1994]
  2. Young, NM, Johnston RAZ, and Richards, JC. Purification of the α-L-rhamnosidase of Penicillium decumbens and characterisation of two glycopeptide components. Carbohydr. Res. 1989 Aug;191(1):53-62. DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(89)85045-1

    [Young1989]
  3. Pitson SM, Mutter M, van den Broek LA, Voragen AG, and Beldman G. (1998). Stereochemical course of hydrolysis catalysed by alpha-L-rhamnosyl and alpha-D-galacturonosyl hydrolases from Aspergillus aculeatus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;242(3):552-9. DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1997.8009 | PubMed ID:9464254 [Pitson1998]
  4. Zverlov VV, Hertel C, Bronnenmeier K, Hroch A, Kellermann J, and Schwarz WH. (2000). The thermostable alpha-L-rhamnosidase RamA of Clostridium stercorarium: biochemical characterization and primary structure of a bacterial alpha-L-rhamnoside hydrolase, a new type of inverting glycoside hydrolase. Mol Microbiol. 2000;35(1):173-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01691.x | PubMed ID:10632887 [Zverlov2000]
  5. Hashimoto W, Nankai H, Sato N, Kawai S, and Murata K. (1999). Characterization of alpha-L-rhamnosidase of Bacillus sp. GL1 responsible for the complete depolymerization of gellan. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999;368(1):56-60. DOI:10.1006/abbi.1999.1279 | PubMed ID:10415111 [Hashimoto1999]
  6. Manzanares P, van den Broeck HC, de Graaff LH, and Visser J. (2001). Purification and characterization of two different alpha-L-rhamnosidases, RhaA and RhaB, from Aspergillus aculeatus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67(5):2230-4. DOI:10.1128/AEM.67.5.2230-2234.2001 | PubMed ID:11319105 [Manzanares2000]
  7. Koseki T, Mese Y, Nishibori N, Masaki K, Fujii T, Handa T, Yamane Y, Shiono Y, Murayama T, and Iefuji H. (2008). Characterization of an alpha-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus kawachii and its gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;80(6):1007-13. DOI:10.1007/s00253-008-1599-7 | PubMed ID:18633609 [Koseki2008]
  8. Ichinose H, Fujimoto Z, and Kaneko S. (2013). Characterization of an α-L-Rhamnosidase from Streptomyces avermitilis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2013;77(1):213-6. DOI:10.1271/bbb.120735 | PubMed ID:23291751 [Ichinose2013]
  9. Fujimoto Z, Jackson A, Michikawa M, Maehara T, Momma M, Henrissat B, Gilbert HJ, and Kaneko S. (2013). The structure of a Streptomyces avermitilis α-L-rhamnosidase reveals a novel carbohydrate-binding module CBM67 within the six-domain arrangement. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(17):12376-85. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M113.460097 | PubMed ID:23486481 [Fujimoto2013]
  10. Cui Z, Maruyama Y, Mikami B, Hashimoto W, and Murata K. (2007). Crystal structure of glycoside hydrolase family 78 alpha-L-Rhamnosidase from Bacillus sp. GL1. J Mol Biol. 2007;374(2):384-98. DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.003 | PubMed ID:17936784 [Cui2007]
  11. Bonanno JB, Almo SC, Bresnick A, Chance MR, Fiser A, Swaminathan S, Jiang J, Studier FW, Shapiro L, Lima CD, Gaasterland TM, Sali A, Bain K, Feil I, Gao X, Lorimer D, Ramos A, Sauder JM, Wasserman SR, Emtage S, D'Amico KL, and Burley SK. (2005). New York-Structural GenomiX Research Consortium (NYSGXRC): a large scale center for the protein structure initiative. J Struct Funct Genomics. 2005;6(2-3):225-32. DOI:10.1007/s10969-005-6827-0 | PubMed ID:16211523 [Bonanno2005]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed