Carbohydrate Binding Module Family 50

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• Author: ^^^Takayuki Ohnuma^^^ and ^^^Toki Taira^^^
• Responsible Curator: ^^^Takayuki Ohnuma^^^

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CAZy DB link

https://www.cazy.org/CBM50.html

Ligand specificities

A CBM50 module, also known as LysM domain, from Lactococcus lactis N-acetylglucosaminidase AcmA was shown to bind to the glycan chain of bacterial peptidoglycans, a β-1,4 linked heteropolymer of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) [1]. A CBM50 module from Pteris ryukyuensis chitinase-A (PrChi-A) was demonstrated to bind to chitin, a β-1,4-linked homopolymer of GlcNAc [2]. CBM50 modules appear to recognize the GlcNAc residue of these polysaccharides. From isothermal titration calorimetry, the CBM50 module from PrChi-A was found to bind to (GlcNAc)_n (n=4,5) with the binding stoichiometry of 1:1, whereas no significant binding heat was observed for the binding to (GlcNAc)₂ [3]. The binding site of the CBM50 module can accommodate at least three saccharide units.

Structural Features

CBM50 modules are about 50 amino acids long. The three-dimensional structures of three CBM50 modules attached to carbohydrate-active enzymes have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB entries: 1E0G [4], 2MKX and 4PXV). The CBM50 modules have a βααβ fold with the two helices packing against one side of the two-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. Although no crystal structure of the CBM50 module in complex with the ligand has been determined yet, Ohnuma et al. first identified the chitin oligosaccharide binding site of the CBM50 module from PrChi-A based on the NMR titration experiments [3]. The chitin oligosaccharide binding site was estimated to be located in a shallow groove formed by the N-terminal part of helix 1, the loop between strand 1 and helix 1, the C-terminal part of helix 2, and the loop between helix 2 and strand 2.

Functionalities

CBM50 modules are generally found in bacterial lysins including muramidase [5], N-acetylglucosaminidase [1], γ-D-glutamate-meso-diaminopimelate muropeptidase [6] and N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase [7]. The CBM50 modules in lysins are shown to bind to bacterial peptidoglycan, and involved in cell division by localizing these enzymes to the divisional site [8]. CBM50 modules were also found in family GH18 chitinases [2, 9], and contribute to the antifungal activity of the enzymes through their binding ability to chitinous component of the fungal cell wall. CBM50 modules are found not only in carbohydrate-active enzymes but also in LysM-containing plant cell surface receptors for chitin oligosaccharides and their derivatives [10, 11] and fungal effectors [12]. The receptor proteins are involved in plant-microbe interactions upon symbiosis or infection.

Family Firsts

First Identified

Family 50 CBMs have been known as LysM domains. LysM domain was first identified in the lysozyme from Bacillus phage f29 [13]. LysM domain was first classified as a CBM in 2008 after demonstrating chitin oligosaccharide binding by an N-terminal LysM domain from Pteris ryukyuensis chitinase-A [3].

First Structural Characterization

The first three-dimensional structure of CBM50 module was determined for the LysM domain from E. coli membrane-bond lytic murein transglycosylase D (MltD) (PDB entry: 1E0G) by NMR spectroscopy [4].

References

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