Carbohydrate Esterase Family 1

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• Author: ^^^Casper Wilkens^^^
• Responsible Curator:

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Carbohydrate Esterase Family 1
Clan	GH-x
Mechanism	retaining/inverting
Active site residues	known/not known
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/CE1.html

Substrate specificities

Carbohydrate esterase family 1 (CE1) is one of the biggest and most diverse CE families including acetylxylan esterases (EC 3.1.1.72), feruloyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.73), cinnamoyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.-), carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1), S-formylglutathione hydrolases (EC 3.1.2.12), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.20), and thehalose 6-O-mycolyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.122) and others [1].

Kinetics and Mechanism

CE1 enzymes target a large variety of substrates, however, all appear to utilize the canonical serine hydrolase mechanism, involving a catalytic triad comprising a nucleophilic serine, a histidine, and an acidic amino acid [2, 3]. Both aspartic and glutamic acid are commonly observed in the position [4]. After substrate binding, the serine is activated by the proton relay consisting of the histidine and the acid residue, which facilitates nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon atom of the substrate. This results in the formation of a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate via a tetrahedral transition state (sometimes known as the "tetrahedral intermediate"), which is stabilized through interactions with two main-chain NH groups in the "oxyanion hole." Following release of the corresponding alcohol as the first product, the acyl-enzyme intermediate is hydrolyzed by the near-microscopic reverse of the first step, with water, activated by the proton relay, acting as the nucleophile [2, 3].

Catalytic Residues

The serine general base is located at the center of a universally conserved pentapeptide with the consensus sequence G-X-S-X-G. This pentapeptide segment constitutes the so-called “nucleophilic elbow”, which has become the fingerprint feature commonly used to identify proteins of this enzyme family based on their primary structure alone [2]. The histidine acting as general acid-base catalyst is also conserved [2, 3], while the general acid commonly is observed as both a aspartic or glutamic acid [4].

Three-dimensional structures

CE1's are members of the α/β-hydrolase superfamily [5], which are comprised of a central β-sheet with 8 or 9 strands connected by α-helices [6]. A number of CE1 enzymes have a CBM48 appended, which proved to be essential for these feruloyl esterases acticity on polymeric xylan [4].

Family Firsts

First characterized

Content is to be added here.

First mechanistic insight

The crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv mycolyltransferase in complex with the covalently bound inhibitor, diethyl phosphate gave the first insight into the mechanism, which involved the highly conserved catalytic Ser-Glu-His triad [5].

First 3-D structure

Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv mycolyltransferase crystal structure in 2000 [5].

References

1. Lombard V, Golaconda Ramulu H, Drula E, Coutinho PM, and Henrissat B. (2014). The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(Database issue):D490-5. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkt1178 |
2. Schubot FD, Kataeva IA, Blum DL, Shah AK, Ljungdahl LG, Rose JP, and Wang BC. (2001). Structural basis for the substrate specificity of the feruloyl esterase domain of the cellulosomal xylanase Z from Clostridium thermocellum. Biochemistry. 2001;40(42):12524-32. DOI:10.1021/bi011391c |
3. Prates JA, Tarbouriech N, Charnock SJ, Fontes CM, Ferreira LM, and Davies GJ. (2001). The structure of the feruloyl esterase module of xylanase 10B from Clostridium thermocellum provides insights into substrate recognition. Structure. 2001;9(12):1183-90. DOI:10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00684-0 |
4. Holck J, Fredslund F, Møller MS, Brask J, Krogh KBRM, Lange L, Welner DH, Svensson B, Meyer AS, and Wilkens C. (2019). A carbohydrate-binding family 48 module enables feruloyl esterase action on polymeric arabinoxylan. J Biol Chem. 2019;294(46):17339-17353. DOI:10.1074/jbc.RA119.009523 |
5. Ronning DR, Klabunde T, Besra GS, Vissa VD, Belisle JT, and Sacchettini JC. (2000). Crystal structure of the secreted form of antigen 85C reveals potential targets for mycobacterial drugs and vaccines. Nat Struct Biol. 2000;7(2):141-6. DOI:10.1038/72413 |
6. Ollis DL, Cheah E, Cygler M, Dijkstra B, Frolow F, Franken SM, Harel M, Remington SJ, Silman I, and Schrag J. (1992). The alpha/beta hydrolase fold. Protein Eng. 1992;5(3):197-211. DOI:10.1093/protein/5.3.197 |
7. Belisle JT, Vissa VD, Sievert T, Takayama K, Brennan PJ, and Besra GS. (1997). Role of the major antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cell wall biogenesis. Science. 1997;276(5317):1420-2. DOI:10.1126/science.276.5317.1420 |