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Difference between revisions of "Glycoside Hydrolase Family 45"

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|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''CAZy DB link'''
 
|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''CAZy DB link'''
 
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| colspan="2" |http://www.cazy.org/fam/GH45.html
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== Substrate specificities ==
 
== Substrate specificities ==
[[Glycoside hydrolases]] of GH45 are endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4); mainly the hydrolysis of soluble &beta; -1,4 glucans. Family 45 enzymes are perhaps best known for their uses in the textile / detergent industries (see for example <cite>Schulein1998</cite>.
+
[[Glycoside hydrolases]] of GH45 are endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4); mainly the hydrolysis of soluble &beta;-1,4 glucans. GH45 enzymes are perhaps best known for their uses in the textile / detergent industries (see for example <cite>Schulein1998</cite>).
 
 
 
 
  
 
== Kinetics and Mechanism ==
 
== Kinetics and Mechanism ==
The enzymes, formally known as cellulase family "K" in some historic literature, act with inversion of anomeric configuration to generate the &alpha;-D anomer of the oligosaccaride as product.  Based upon the structure of the ''Humicola insolens'' endoglucanase V (now known as Cel45)<cite>Davies1993 Davies1995</cite> it was concluded that Asp121 acted as the [[general acid]] (implied by its hydrogen bonding to the glycosidic oxygen of a ligand in the +1 subsite) and that the most likely [[general base]] is Asp10, appropriately positioned "below" the sugar plane.  As with many inverting enzymes the base assignment is less secure than that of the acid.
+
The enzymes, formally known as cellulase family "K" in some historic literature, act with [[inverting|inversion]] of anomeric configuration to generate the &alpha;-D anomer of the oligosaccharide as product.   
 
 
  
 
== Catalytic Residues ==
 
== Catalytic Residues ==
"Classical" GH45 enzymes likely use twin carboxylates corresponding to Asp10 and 121 of the ''Humicola insolens'' endoglucanase V <cite>Davies1993 Davies1995</cite>.
+
Based upon the structure of the ''Humicola insolens'' endoglucanase V (now known as Cel45) <cite>Davies1993 Davies1995</cite> it was concluded that Asp121 (in an HxD motif) acted as the [[general acid]] (implied by its hydrogen bonding to the glycosidic oxygen of a ligand in the +1 subsite) and that the most likely [[general base]] is Asp10 (in a YxD motif), appropriately positioned "below" the sugar plane.  As with many [[inverting]] enzymes the [[general base]] assignment is less secure than that of the acid.
 
 
  
 
== Three-dimensional structures ==
 
== Three-dimensional structures ==
The 3-D structure of canonical GH45 enzymes is a six-stranded &beta;-barrel to which a seventh strand is appended. The structure differs from classical &beta;-barrels in containing both parallel and anti-parallel &beta;-strands. At the time of the first structure solution the fold had ony previously been observed in "Barwin" <cite>Ludvigsen</cite>; a plant defense protein of unknown function. As is now expected for ''endo''-enzymes, the active centre is located in an open substrate-binding groove. The original uncomplexes native structure had an disordered loop above the active centre and this was only seen to become ordered subsequently upon the binding of cello-oligosaccharides <cite>Davies1995</cite>.
+
The 3-D structure of canonical GH45 enzymes is a six-stranded &beta;-barrel to which a seventh strand is appended. The structure differs from classical &beta;-barrels in containing both parallel and anti-parallel &beta;-strands. At the time of the first structure solution the fold had ony previously been observed in "Barwin" <cite>Ludvigsen</cite>; a plant defense protein of unknown function. As is now expected for ''endo''-enzymes, the active centre is located in an open substrate-binding groove. The original native (uncomplexed) structure had an disordered loop above the active centre and this was only seen to become ordered subsequently upon the binding of cello-oligosaccharides <cite>Davies1995</cite>.
 
 
Family GH45 enzymes are structurally related to plant <cite>Yennawar</cite> and bacterial <cite>Kerff</cite> expansins. Indeed they even display some of the catalytic centre motifs such as the catalytic acid. The putative catalytic base is absent in expansins.
 
  
 +
Family GH45 enzymes are structurally related to plant <cite>Yennawar</cite> and bacterial <cite>Kerff</cite> expansins. Indeed they even display some of the catalytic centre motifs such as the catalytic acid. The putative catalytic base is absent in plant and bacterial expansins.  There are also a few fungal GH45 members, exemplified by ''Phanerochaete chrysosporium'' Cel45 which also appear to lack the putative base <cite>Igarashi</cite>.
  
 
== Family Firsts ==
 
== Family Firsts ==
 
;First sterochemistry determination: As part of an analysis of many families reported in <cite>Schou93</cite>.
 
;First sterochemistry determination: As part of an analysis of many families reported in <cite>Schou93</cite>.
;First general acid/base residue identification: Catalytic residue proposals have been made solely on the basis of 3-D structure <cite>Davies1993 Davies1995</cite>.
+
;First [[general acid]] identification: Catalytic residue proposals have been made solely on the basis of 3-D structure <cite>Davies1993 Davies1995</cite>.
;First 3-D structure: The Humicola insolens EGV (now Cel45) by the Davies group <cite>Davies1993</cite>.
+
;First [[general base]] identification: Catalytic residue proposals have been made solely on the basis of 3-D structure <cite>Davies1993 Davies1995</cite>.
 +
;First 3-D structure: The ''Humicola insolens'' EGV (now Cel45) by the Davies group <cite>Davies1993</cite>.
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
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#Yennawar pmid=16984999
 
#Yennawar pmid=16984999
 
#Kerff pmid=18971341
 
#Kerff pmid=18971341
 +
#Igarashi pmid=18676702
 
#Ludvigsen pmid=1390665
 
#Ludvigsen pmid=1390665
#Schulein1998 Schülein M, Kauppinen M, Lange L, Lassen S, Andersen L, Klysner S, and Nielsen, J (1998)
+
#Schulein1998 Schülein M, Kauppinen M, Lange L, Lassen S, Andersen L, Klysner S, and Nielsen, J (1998) ''Characterization of fungal cellulases for fiber modification.'' ACS Symposium Series, 687 (Enzyme Applications in Fiber Processing): 66-74. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0687.ch006 DOI: 10.1021/bk-1998-0687.ch006]
''Characterization of fungal cellulases for fiber modification.'' ACS Symposium Series, 687 (Enzyme
 
Applications in Fiber Processing): 66-74. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0687.ch006 DOI: 10.1021/bk-1998-0687.ch006]
 
  
  

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Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH45
Clan none
Mechanism inverting
Active site residues known (but see discussion)
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/GH45.html


Substrate specificities

Glycoside hydrolases of GH45 are endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4); mainly the hydrolysis of soluble β-1,4 glucans. GH45 enzymes are perhaps best known for their uses in the textile / detergent industries (see for example [1]).

Kinetics and Mechanism

The enzymes, formally known as cellulase family "K" in some historic literature, act with inversion of anomeric configuration to generate the α-D anomer of the oligosaccharide as product.

Catalytic Residues

Based upon the structure of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V (now known as Cel45) [2, 3] it was concluded that Asp121 (in an HxD motif) acted as the general acid (implied by its hydrogen bonding to the glycosidic oxygen of a ligand in the +1 subsite) and that the most likely general base is Asp10 (in a YxD motif), appropriately positioned "below" the sugar plane. As with many inverting enzymes the general base assignment is less secure than that of the acid.

Three-dimensional structures

The 3-D structure of canonical GH45 enzymes is a six-stranded β-barrel to which a seventh strand is appended. The structure differs from classical β-barrels in containing both parallel and anti-parallel β-strands. At the time of the first structure solution the fold had ony previously been observed in "Barwin" [4]; a plant defense protein of unknown function. As is now expected for endo-enzymes, the active centre is located in an open substrate-binding groove. The original native (uncomplexed) structure had an disordered loop above the active centre and this was only seen to become ordered subsequently upon the binding of cello-oligosaccharides [3].

Family GH45 enzymes are structurally related to plant [5] and bacterial [6] expansins. Indeed they even display some of the catalytic centre motifs such as the catalytic acid. The putative catalytic base is absent in plant and bacterial expansins. There are also a few fungal GH45 members, exemplified by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Cel45 which also appear to lack the putative base [7].

Family Firsts

First sterochemistry determination
As part of an analysis of many families reported in [8].
First general acid identification
Catalytic residue proposals have been made solely on the basis of 3-D structure [2, 3].
First general base identification
Catalytic residue proposals have been made solely on the basis of 3-D structure [2, 3].
First 3-D structure
The Humicola insolens EGV (now Cel45) by the Davies group [2].

References

  1. Schülein M, Kauppinen M, Lange L, Lassen S, Andersen L, Klysner S, and Nielsen, J (1998) Characterization of fungal cellulases for fiber modification. ACS Symposium Series, 687 (Enzyme Applications in Fiber Processing): 66-74. DOI: 10.1021/bk-1998-0687.ch006

    [Schulein1998]
  2. Davies GJ, Dodson GG, Hubbard RE, Tolley SP, Dauter Z, Wilson KS, Hjort C, Mikkelsen JM, Rasmussen G, and Schülein M. (1993). Structure and function of endoglucanase V. Nature. 1993;365(6444):362-4. DOI:10.1038/365362a0 | PubMed ID:8377830 [Davies1993]
  3. Davies GJ, Tolley SP, Henrissat B, Hjort C, and Schülein M. (1995). Structures of oligosaccharide-bound forms of the endoglucanase V from Humicola insolens at 1.9 A resolution. Biochemistry. 1995;34(49):16210-20. DOI:10.1021/bi00049a037 | PubMed ID:8519779 [Davies1995]
  4. Ludvigsen S and Poulsen FM. (1992). Three-dimensional structure in solution of barwin, a protein from barley seed. Biochemistry. 1992;31(37):8783-9. DOI:10.1021/bi00152a014 | PubMed ID:1390665 [Ludvigsen]
  5. Yennawar NH, Li LC, Dudzinski DM, Tabuchi A, and Cosgrove DJ. (2006). Crystal structure and activities of EXPB1 (Zea m 1), a beta-expansin and group-1 pollen allergen from maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(40):14664-71. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0605979103 | PubMed ID:16984999 [Yennawar]
  6. Kerff F, Amoroso A, Herman R, Sauvage E, Petrella S, Filée P, Charlier P, Joris B, Tabuchi A, Nikolaidis N, and Cosgrove DJ. (2008). Crystal structure and activity of Bacillus subtilis YoaJ (EXLX1), a bacterial expansin that promotes root colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(44):16876-81. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0809382105 | PubMed ID:18971341 [Kerff]
  7. Igarashi K, Ishida T, Hori C, and Samejima M. (2008). Characterization of an endoglucanase belonging to a new subfamily of glycoside hydrolase family 45 of the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(18):5628-34. DOI:10.1128/AEM.00812-08 | PubMed ID:18676702 [Igarashi]
  8. Schou C, Rasmussen G, Kaltoft MB, Henrissat B, and Schülein M. (1993). Stereochemistry, specificity and kinetics of the hydrolysis of reduced cellodextrins by nine cellulases. Eur J Biochem. 1993;217(3):947-53. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18325.x | PubMed ID:8223652 [Schou93]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed