Difference between revisions of "Carbohydrate Esterase Family 15"

Latest revision as of 08:42, 16 August 2023

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Carbohydrate Esterase Family CE15
Acid/alcohol sugar substrate	Acid
Mechanism	serine hydrolase
Active site residues	known, catalytic triad
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/CE15.html

Figure 1. Comparison of structurally determined CE15 members. The enzymes (A) StGE2 from Thermothelomyces thermophila (PDB ID 4G4J), (B) OtCE15A from Opitutus terrae (PDB ID 6GS0), and (C) TtCE15A from Teredinibacter turnerae (PDB ID 6HSW) are shown in cartoon representation. The catalytic triad in each enzyme is shown as sticks and the methyl ester of 4-O-methyl glucuronoate first observed in StGE2 is shown in all structures as green sticks. While all CE15 members contain the alpha/beta hydrolase fold, the most prominent difference across the CE15 family observed to-date are the presence, absence, or variety of inserted regions that protrude and build-up ridges around the active site (the differently colored regions in the OtCE15A and TtCE15A). The extent to which these regions affect the enzyme’s substrate specificity has yet to be fully elucidated.

Substrate specificity

All CE15 enzymes characterized to date are glucuronoyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.117), cleaving esters of D-glucuronic acid. The first reported glucuronoyl esterase was ScGE1 from the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, and the activity was demonstrated by TLC on a methyl ester of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid [1]. While CE15 members are found in both fungal and bacterial species, several bacterial CE15 enzymes are more promiscuous than their fungal counterparts and are active also on esters of galacturonoate [2]. Feruloyl- and acetyl esterase activities have been reported for certain CE15 enzymes as side activities [3, 4]. The proposed physiological role of CE15 enzymes is to hydrolyze lignin-carbohydrate ester linkages between lignin and glucuronoxylan in plant cell walls, and a few studies have demonstrated their activity on lignocellulose-derived materials and plant biomass [4, 5, 6].

Catalytic Residues and Mechanism

All CE15 enzymes are serine-type hydrolases, containing a catalytic triad of Glu/Asp-His-Ser [2, 7, 8, 9]. The position of the acidic residue of the triad is not similarly positioned in all CE15 members as the residue can be found on different loops of the conserved fold [9]. A conserved arginine found in all of the CE15 structures, proximal to the catalytic triad, has been proposed to stabilize the formation of the oxyanion during catalysis [2, 10, 11].

Three-dimensional structures

Representative structures of CE15 enzymes from bacterial and fungal sources have been determined, including TrGE (Cip2) from T. reesei (Hypocrea jecorina, PDB 3pic) [7], StGE2 from Thermothelomyces thermophila (Sporotrichum thermophile, PDB 4g4g, 4g4i, and 4g4j) [8], marine metagenome sequence MZ0003 (PDB 6ehn) [9], OtCE15A (PDB 6grw and 6gs0) and SuCE15C (PDB 6gry and 6gu8) [2] (see the CAZy database for a continuously updated list). All structurally determined CE15 enzymes share an alpha/beta hydrolase fold, consisting of a three-layer alpha-beta-alpha sandwich with the active site in a solvent-exposed cleft. The structures of the bacterial enzymes determined thus far exhibit sizeable inserts which result in much deeper active site pockets compared to the shallow active sites seen in fungal glucuronoyl esterase structures [2, 9]. The first structures with a more complex ligand than a monosaccharide were of the bacterial OtCE15A (PDB 6t0i) with a glucuronoxylooligosaccharide [10], which was followed by a similar structure of the fungal CuGE from Cerrena unicolor (PDB 6rv9).

Family Firsts

First 3-D structure: The first solved structure of a CE15 enzyme was the Cip2 catalytic domain from Trichoderma reesei (TrGE; PDB 3pic) [7].
First mechanistic insight: The crystal structure of StGE2 (from Sporotrichum thermophile) in complex with the ligand 4-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronate gave the first direct insight into substrate binding [8].

References

All Medline abstracts: PubMed

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 <!-- This is the end of the table -->
-[[File: CE15_CAZypedia_Figure.png|thumb|right|400px|'''Figure 1. Comparison of structurally determined CE15 members.''' The CE15s (A) ''St''GE2 from ''Thermothelomyces thermophila'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}4g4j 4G4J]), (B) ''Ot''CE15A from ''Opitutus terrae'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}6gs0 6GS0]), and (C) ''Tt''CE15A from ''Teredinibacter turnerae'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}6hsw 6HSW]) are shown in cartoon representation. The catalytic triad in each enzyme is shown as sticks and the methyl ester of 4-''O''-methyl glucuronoate first observed in ''St''GE2 is shown in all structures as green sticks. While all CE15 members contain the alpha/beta hydrolase fold, the most prominent difference across the CE15 family observed to-date are the presence, absence, or variety of inserted regions that protrude and build-up ridges around the active site (the differently colored regions in the ''Ot''CE15A and ''Tt''CE15A). The extent to which these regions affect the enzyme’s substrate specificity has yet to be fully elucidated.]]
+[[File: CE15_CAZypedia_Figure.png|thumb|right|400px|'''Figure 1. Comparison of structurally determined CE15 members.''' The enzymes (A) ''St''GE2 from ''Thermothelomyces thermophila'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}4g4j 4G4J]), (B) ''Ot''CE15A from ''Opitutus terrae'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}6gs0 6GS0]), and (C) ''Tt''CE15A from ''Teredinibacter turnerae'' (PDB ID [{{PDBlink}}6hsw 6HSW]) are shown in cartoon representation. The catalytic triad in each enzyme is shown as sticks and the methyl ester of 4-''O''-methyl glucuronoate first observed in ''St''GE2 is shown in all structures as green sticks. While all CE15 members contain the alpha/beta hydrolase fold, the most prominent difference across the CE15 family observed to-date are the presence, absence, or variety of inserted regions that protrude and build-up ridges around the active site (the differently colored regions in the ''Ot''CE15A and ''Tt''CE15A). The extent to which these regions affect the enzyme’s substrate specificity has yet to be fully elucidated.]]
 == Substrate specificity ==
-All CE15 enzymes characterized to-date are glucuronoyl esterases, cleaving esters of D-glucuronic acid. The first reported glucuronoyl esterase was ''Sc''GE1 from the white-rot fungus ''Schizophyllum commune'', and the activity was demonstrated by TLC on a methyl ester of 4-''O''-methyl-D-glucuronic acid <cite>Spanikova2006</cite>. While CE15 members are found in both fungal and bacterial species, several bacterial CE15 enzymes are more promiscuous than their fungal counterparts and are active also on esters of galacturonoate <cite>Arnlingbaath2018</cite>. Feruloyl- and acetyl esterase activities have been reported for certain CE15 enzymes as side activities <cite>Desanti2016 Mosbech2018</cite>. The proposed physiological role of CE15 enzymes is to hydrolyze lignin-carbohydrate ester linkages between lignin and glucuronoxylan in plant cell walls, and a few studies have demonstrated their activity on lignocellulose-derived materials and plant biomass <cite>Derrico2016 Arnlingbaath2016 Mosbech2018 </cite>.
+All CE15 enzymes characterized to date are glucuronoyl esterases (EC [{{EClink}}3.1.1.117 3.1.1.117]), cleaving esters of D-glucuronic acid. The first reported glucuronoyl esterase was ''Sc''GE1 from the white-rot fungus ''Schizophyllum commune'', and the activity was demonstrated by TLC on a methyl ester of 4-''O''-methyl-D-glucuronic acid <cite>Spanikova2006</cite>. While CE15 members are found in both fungal and bacterial species, several bacterial CE15 enzymes are more promiscuous than their fungal counterparts and are active also on esters of galacturonoate <cite>Arnlingbaath2018</cite>. Feruloyl- and acetyl esterase activities have been reported for certain CE15 enzymes as side activities <cite>Desanti2016 Mosbech2018</cite>. The proposed physiological role of CE15 enzymes is to hydrolyze lignin-carbohydrate ester linkages between lignin and glucuronoxylan in plant cell walls, and a few studies have demonstrated their activity on lignocellulose-derived materials and plant biomass <cite>Derrico2016 Arnlingbaath2016 Mosbech2018 </cite>.
 == Catalytic Residues and Mechanism ==
-All CE15 enzymes are serine-type hydrolases, containing a catalytic triad of Glu/Asp-His-Ser <cite>Pokkuluri2011 Charavgi2013 Desanti2017 Arnlingbaath2018</cite>. The position of the acidic residue of the triad is not similarly positioned in all CE15 members as the residue can be found on different loops of the conserved fold <cite>Desanti2017</cite>. A conserved arginine found in all of the CE15 structures, proximal to the catalytic triad, has been proposed to stabilize the formation of the oxyanion during catalysis <cite>Arnlingbaath2018</cite>.
+All CE15 enzymes are serine-type hydrolases, containing a catalytic triad of Glu/Asp-His-Ser <cite>Pokkuluri2011 Charavgi2013 Desanti2017 Arnlingbaath2018</cite>. The position of the acidic residue of the triad is not similarly positioned in all CE15 members as the residue can be found on different loops of the conserved fold <cite>Desanti2017</cite>. A conserved arginine found in all of the CE15 structures, proximal to the catalytic triad, has been proposed to stabilize the formation of the oxyanion during catalysis <cite>Arnlingbaath2018 Mazurkewich2019 Zong2022</cite>.
 == Three-dimensional structures ==
-Representative structures of CE15 enzymes from bacterial and fungal sources have been determined, including ''Tr''GE (Cip2) from ''T. reesei'' (''Hypocrea jecorina'', PDB [{{PDBlink}}3pic 3pic]) <cite>Pokkuluri2011</cite>, ''St''GE2 from ''Thermothelomyces thermophila'' (''Sporotrichum thermophile'', PDB [{{PDBlink}}4g4g 4g4g], [{{PDBlink}}4g4i 4g4i], and [{{PDBlink}}4g4j 4g4j]) <cite>Charavgi2013</cite>, marine metagenome sequence MZ0003 (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6ehn 6ehn]) <cite>Desanti2017</cite>, ''Ot''CE15A (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6grw 6grw] and [{{PDBlink}}6gs0 6gs0]) and ''Su''CE15C (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6gry 6gry] and [{{PDBlink}}6gu8 6gu8]) <cite>Arnlingbaath2018</cite> (see the  CAZy database for a [http://www.cazy.org/CE15_structure.html continuously updated list]). All structurally determined CE15 enzymes share an alpha/beta hydrolase fold, consisting of a three-layer alpha-beta-alpha sandwich with the active site in a solvent-exposed cleft. The structures of the bacterial enzymes determined thus far exhibit sizeable inserts which result in much deeper active site pockets compared to the shallow active sites seen in fungal glucuronoyl esterase structures <cite>Desanti2017 Arnlingbaath2018 </cite>.
+Representative structures of CE15 enzymes from bacterial and fungal sources have been determined, including ''Tr''GE (Cip2) from ''T. reesei'' (''Hypocrea jecorina'', PDB [{{PDBlink}}3pic 3pic]) <cite>Pokkuluri2011</cite>, ''St''GE2 from ''Thermothelomyces thermophila'' (''Sporotrichum thermophile'', PDB [{{PDBlink}}4g4g 4g4g], [{{PDBlink}}4g4i 4g4i], and [{{PDBlink}}4g4j 4g4j]) <cite>Charavgi2013</cite>, marine metagenome sequence MZ0003 (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6ehn 6ehn]) <cite>Desanti2017</cite>, ''Ot''CE15A (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6grw 6grw] and [{{PDBlink}}6gs0 6gs0]) and ''Su''CE15C (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6gry 6gry] and [{{PDBlink}}6gu8 6gu8]) <cite>Arnlingbaath2018</cite> (see the  CAZy database for a [http://www.cazy.org/CE15_structure.html continuously updated list]). All structurally determined CE15 enzymes share an alpha/beta hydrolase fold, consisting of a three-layer alpha-beta-alpha sandwich with the active site in a solvent-exposed cleft. The structures of the bacterial enzymes determined thus far exhibit sizeable inserts which result in much deeper active site pockets compared to the shallow active sites seen in fungal glucuronoyl esterase structures <cite>Desanti2017 Arnlingbaath2018 </cite>. The first structures with a more complex ligand than a monosaccharide were of the bacterial ''Ot''CE15A (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6t0i 6t0i]) with a glucuronoxylooligosaccharide <cite>Mazurkewich2019</cite>, which was followed by a similar structure of the fungal ''Cu''GE from ''Cerrena unicolor'' (PDB [{{PDBlink}}6rv9 6rv9]).
 == Family Firsts ==
-;First 3-D structure: The first solved structure of a CE15 enzyme was the Cip2 catalytic domain from ''Trichoderma reesei'' (''Tr''GE) <cite>Pokkuluri2011</cite>.
+;First 3-D structure: The first solved structure of a CE15 enzyme was the Cip2 catalytic domain from ''Trichoderma reesei'' (''Tr''GE; PDB [{{PDBlink}}3pic 3pic]) <cite>Pokkuluri2011</cite>.
 ;First mechanistic insight: The crystal structure of ''St''GE2 (from ''Sporotrichum thermophile'') in complex with the ligand 4-''O''-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronate gave the first direct insight into substrate binding <cite>Charavgi2013</cite>.
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 #Charavgi2013 pmid=23275164
 #Desanti2017 pmid=29222424
+#Mazurkewich2019 pmid=31740581
+#Zong2022 pmid=35304453
+#Ernst2020 pmid=32094331
 </biblio>
 [[Category:Carbohydrate Esterase Families|CE015]]