Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1

{{CuratorApproved}}
* [[Author]]: [[User:Withers|Stephen Withers]]
* [[Responsible Curator]]:  [[User:Withers|Stephen Withers]]
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<div style="float:right">
{| {{Prettytable}} 
|-
|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH1'''
|-
|'''Clan'''    
|GH-A
|-
|'''Mechanism'''
|retaining
|-
|'''Active site residues'''
|known
|-
|{{Hl2}} colspan="2" align="center" |'''CAZy DB link'''
|-
| colspan="2" |http://www.cazy.org/fam/GH1.html
|}
</div>

== Substrate specificities ==
The most common known enzymatic activities for [[glycoside hydrolases]] in this family, at the current time, are β-glucosidases and β-galactosidases: indeed typically both activities are found within the same active site, often with similar ''k''<sub>cat</sub> values, but with substantially higher ''K''<sub>m</sub> values for the galactosides. However, other commonly found activities are 6-phospho-β-glucosidase and 6-phospho-β-galactosidase, β-mannosidase, β-D-fucosidase and β-glucuronidase. Family GH1 enzymes are found across a broad spectrum of life forms. Enzymes of medical interest include the human lactase/phlorizin hydrolase whose deficiency leads to lactose intolerance. In plants Family GH1 enzymes are often involved in the processing of glycosylated aromatics such as saponins and some plant hormones stored in inactive glycosylated forms. Indeed some have been identified as plant oncogenes due to aberrant control of auxin levels. Some plants also use Family GH1 enzymes as part of their defense system in order to release toxic aglycons, the most known examples being ''Trifolium repens'' β-glucosidase and ''Sinapis alba'' myrosinase, which respectively hydrolyse linamarin and glucosinolates. One of the work horses of glycosidase enzymology, the almond emulsin β-glucosidase, even though not fully sequenced, is deduced to belong to Family GH1 by limited sequence analysis <cite>1</cite>.

== Kinetics and Mechanism ==
Family GH1 β-glycosidases are [[retaining]] enzymes, as first shown by NMR <cite>2</cite> and follow a [[classical Koshland double-displacement mechanism]]. Enzymes that have been well-studied kinetically include the almond emulsin enzyme, for which a particularly nice and important set of studies on rate-limiting steps and inhibition was reported in the mid 1980’s <cite>3 4</cite> and the ''Agrobacterium'' sp. β-glucosidase which has been the subject of a series of kinetic evaluations, including detailed steady state <cite>5 6</cite> and pre-steady state kinetic analyses in which the roles of each substrate hydroxyl in catalysis have also been carefully probed <cite>7</cite>.

== Catalytic Residues ==
The [[catalytic nucleophile]] was first identified in the ''Agrobacterium'' sp.  β-glucosidase as Glu358 in the sequence YIT'''<u>E</u>'''NG through trapping of the 2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucosyl-enzyme [[intermediate]] and subsequent peptide mapping <cite>8</cite>. The [[general acid/base]] catalyst was first identified as Glu170 in this same enzyme through detailed mechanistic analysis of mutants at that position, which included azide rescue experiments <cite>9</cite>. Family GH1 enzymes, as is typical of [http://www.cazy.org/fam/acc_GH.html#table Clan GH-A], have an asparagine residue preceding the [[general acid/base]] catalyst in a typical NEP sequence. The asparagine engages in important hydrogen bonding interactions with the substrate 2-hydroxyl. Interestingly, the plant myrosinases cleave thioglycosides bearing an anionic aglycone (glucosinolates), and have evolved an active site in which the acid/base glutamate is replaced by glutamine. Substrates are sufficiently reactive not to require the acid catalyst, while the role of base catalyst is played by exogenous ascorbate, which binds to the glycosyl enzyme <cite>13</cite>.

== Three-dimensional structures ==
Three-dimensional structures are available for a large number of Family 1 enzymes, the first solved being that of the white clover (''Trifolium repens'') cyanogenic β-glucosidase <cite>12</cite>. As members of Clan GH-A they have a classical (&alpha;/&beta;)<sub>8</sub> TIM barrel fold with the two key active site glutamic acids being approximately 200 residues apart in sequence and located at the C-terminal ends of β-strands 4 (acid/base) and 7 (nucleophile) <cite>10</cite>.

== "Family Firsts" ==
;First sterochemistry determination: ''Agrobacterium'' sp. (formerly ''Alcaligenes faecalis'') β-glucosidase by NMR <cite>2</cite>
;First [[catalytic nucleophile]] identification: ''Agrobacterium'' sp. (formerly ''Alcaligenes faecalis'') β-glucosidase by 2-fluoroglucose labeling <cite>8</cite>
;First [[general acid/base]] residue identification: ''Agrobacterium'' sp. (formerly ''Alcaligenes faecalis'') β-glucosidase by rescue kinetics with mutants (<cite>9</cite>
;First 3-D structure of a GH1 enzyme: White clover (''Trifolium repens'') cyanogenic β-glucosidase <cite>12</cite>

== References ==
<biblio>
#1 pmid=9312086 
#2 pmid=3094517
#3 pmid=3929833
#4 pmid=3087421
#5 pmid=1390780
#6 pmid=139078
#7 pmid=8519777
#8 Withers, S. G.; Warren, R. A. J.; Street, I. P.; Rupitz, K.; Kempton, J. B.; Aebersold, R. ''Journal of the American Chemical Society '1990''', ''112'', 5887-5889.
#9 pmid=7578061
#10 pmid=7624375
#12 pmid=8535788
#13 pmid=10978344
</biblio>

[[Category:Glycoside Hydrolase Families|GH001]]