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Difference between revisions of "Glycoside Hydrolase Family 68"

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== Catalytic Residues ==
 
== Catalytic Residues ==
Retaining glycosidases catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate. The two invariant residues, responsible for the catalytic reaction in family GH68 enzymes, have first been identified experimentally in bacterial levansucrases as an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acting as the catalytic nucleophile and a glutamate acting as the general acid/base <cite>6 7</cite>. In addition, a conserved aspartate residue in the "Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif" stabilizes the transition state <cite>5 7 8</cite>. The three equivalent acidic residues have been mutated in a β-fructofuranosidase from ''Arthrobacter globiformis'' IFO 3062 <cite>9</cite>, and in a levansucrase and a inulosucrase from ''Lactobacillus reuteri'' 121 <cite>10</cite>.
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Retaining glycosidases catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate. The two invariant residues, responsible for the catalytic reaction in family GH68 enzymes, have first been identified experimentally in bacterial levansucrases as an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acting as the catalytic nucleophile (http://www.cazypedia.org/index.php/Catalytic_nucleophile)and a glutamate acting as the general acid/base (http://www.cazypedia.org/index.php/General_acid/base)<cite>6 7</cite>. In addition, a conserved aspartate residue in the "Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif" stabilizes the transition state <cite>5 7 8</cite>. The three equivalent acidic residues have been mutated in a β-fructofuranosidase from ''Arthrobacter globiformis'' IFO 3062 <cite>9</cite>, and in a levansucrase and a inulosucrase from ''Lactobacillus reuteri'' 121 <cite>10</cite>.
  
 
== Three-dimensional structures ==
 
== Three-dimensional structures ==

Revision as of 09:43, 19 February 2010

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Glycoside Hydrolase Family GH68
Clan GH-J
Mechanism retaining
Active site residues known
CAZy DB link
http://www.cazy.org/fam/GH68.html


Substrate specificities

Glycoside hydrolase family GH68 enzymes include levansucrase (sucrose:2,6-β-D-fructan 6-β-D-fructosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.10), β-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26), and inulosucrase (EC 2.4.1.9). All these enzymes use sucrose as their preferential donor substrate. Many of them can create very long levan-type fructans (catalyzed by levansucrases) or inulin-type of fructans (catalyzed by inulosucrases), as well as fructooligosacharides (FOS). However, some GH68 enzymes can also use fructan as donor substrate (in the abscence of sucrose or at a high fructan/sucrose ratio).

Kinetics and Mechanism

Family GH68 enzymes as well as those included in GH32 are retaining enzymes [1]. The levansucrases from Bacillus subtilis, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, and Streptococcus salivarius catalyze transfructosylation via a ping-pong mechanism involving the formation of a transient fructosyl-enzyme intermediate [2, 3, 4, 5]. At low sucrose concentrations levansucrase functions as a hydrolase with water as acceptor, whereas at higher substrate concentrations it adds fructosyl units to a variety of acceptors including glucose, fructan and sucrose [2]. Bacterial levansucrases, whatever their origin, catalyze all these reactions but with different efficiency.

Catalytic Residues

Retaining glycosidases catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate. The two invariant residues, responsible for the catalytic reaction in family GH68 enzymes, have first been identified experimentally in bacterial levansucrases as an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acting as the catalytic nucleophile (http://www.cazypedia.org/index.php/Catalytic_nucleophile)and a glutamate acting as the general acid/base (http://www.cazypedia.org/index.php/General_acid/base)[6, 7]. In addition, a conserved aspartate residue in the "Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif" stabilizes the transition state [5, 7, 8]. The three equivalent acidic residues have been mutated in a β-fructofuranosidase from Arthrobacter globiformis IFO 3062 [9], and in a levansucrase and a inulosucrase from Lactobacillus reuteri 121 [10].

Three-dimensional structures

Currently, only two different three dimensional structures of family GH68 enzymes have been solved. The first crystal structure was reported for the bacterial levansucrase (SacB) from Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 [6]. The second one corresponds to levansucrase (LdsA) from Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4 [11]. These structures display a 5-fold β-propeller topology, and therefore GH families 68 and 32 have been combined in clan GH-J. On the other hand, a structural relationship of the catalytic core exists to family GH68 and family GH43, as predicted by detailed sequence analysis[12].

Family Firsts

First stereochemistry determination
Bacillus subtilis levansucrase [2].
First catalytic nucleophile identification
Bacillus subtilis levansucrase [6].
First general acid/base residue identification
Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase [7].
First stabilizing transition-state residue identification
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus levansucrase [8].
First prediction of a common beta-propeller catalytic domain in GH68 / clan GH-J
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus levansucrase [13, 14].
First 3-D structure
Bacillus subtilis levansucrase [6].

References

  1. KOSHLAND DE Jr and STEIN SS. (1954). Correlation of bond breaking with enzyme specificity; cleavage point of invertase. J Biol Chem. 1954;208(1):139-48. | Google Books | Open Library PubMed ID:13174523 [1]
  2. Chambert R, Treboul G, and Dedonder R. (1974). Kinetic studies of levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis. Eur J Biochem. 1974;41(2):285-300. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03269.x | PubMed ID:4206083 [2]
  3. Chambert R and Gonzy-Tréboul G. (1976). Levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis: kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of transfructosylation processes. Eur J Biochem. 1976;62(1):55-64. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10097.x | PubMed ID:814002 [3]
  4. Hernandez L, Arrieta J, Menendez C, Vazquez R, Coego A, Suarez V, Selman G, Petit-Glatron MF, and Chambert R. (1995). Isolation and enzymic properties of levansucrase secreted by Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4, a bacterium associated with sugar cane. Biochem J. 1995;309 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):113-8. DOI:10.1042/bj3090113 | PubMed ID:7619044 [4]
  5. Song DD and Jacques NA. (1999). Purification and enzymic properties of the fructosyltransferase of Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975. Biochem J. 1999;341 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):285-91. | Google Books | Open Library PubMed ID:10393084 [5]
  6. Meng G and Fütterer K. (2003). Structural framework of fructosyl transfer in Bacillus subtilis levansucrase. Nat Struct Biol. 2003;10(11):935-41. DOI:10.1038/nsb974 | PubMed ID:14517548 [6]
  7. Yanase H, Maeda M, Hagiwara E, Yagi H, Taniguchi K, and Okamoto K. (2002). Identification of functionally important amino acid residues in Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase. J Biochem. 2002;132(4):565-72. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a003258 | PubMed ID:12359071 [7]
  8. Batista FR, Hernández L, Fernández JR, Arrieta J, Menéndez C, Gómez R, Támbara Y, and Pons T. (1999). Substitution of Asp-309 by Asn in the Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif of Acetobacter diazotrophicus levansucrase affects sucrose hydrolysis, but not enzyme specificity. Biochem J. 1999;337 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):503-6. | Google Books | Open Library PubMed ID:9895294 [8]
  9. Isono N, Tochihara T, Kusnadi Y, Win TT, Watanabe K, Obae K, Ito H, and Matsui H. (2004). Cloning and heterologous expression of a beta-fructofuranosidase gene from Arthrobacter globiformis IFO 3062, and site-directed mutagenesis of the essential aspartic acid and glutamic acid of the active site. J Biosci Bioeng. 2004;97(4):244-9. DOI:10.1016/S1389-1723(04)70199-1 | PubMed ID:16233623 [9]
  10. Ozimek LK, van Hijum SA, van Koningsveld GA, van Der Maarel MJ, van Geel-Schutten GH, and Dijkhuizen L. (2004). Site-directed mutagenesis study of the three catalytic residues of the fructosyltransferases of Lactobacillus reuteri 121. FEBS Lett. 2004;560(1-3):131-3. DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00085-7 | PubMed ID:14988011 [10]
  11. Martínez-Fleites C, Ortíz-Lombardía M, Pons T, Tarbouriech N, Taylor EJ, Arrieta JG, Hernández L, and Davies GJ. (2005). Crystal structure of levansucrase from the Gram-negative bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Biochem J. 2005;390(Pt 1):19-27. DOI:10.1042/BJ20050324 | PubMed ID:15869470 [11]
  12. Naumoff DG (2001). beta-fructosidase superfamily: homology with some alpha-L-arabinases and beta-D-xylosidases. Proteins. 2001;42(1):66-76. DOI:10.1002/1097-0134(20010101)42:1<66::aid-prot70>3.0.co;2-4 | PubMed ID:11093261 [12]
  13. Pons T, Olmea O, Chinea G, Beldarraín A, Márquez G, Acosta N, Rodríguez L, and Valencia A. (1998). Structural model for family 32 of glycosyl-hydrolase enzymes. Proteins. 1998;33(3):383-95. DOI:10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(19981115)33:3<383::aid-prot7>3.0.co;2-r | PubMed ID:9829697 [13]
  14. Pons T, Hernández L, Batista FR, and Chinea G. (2000). Prediction of a common beta-propeller catalytic domain for fructosyltransferases of different origin and substrate specificity. Protein Sci. 2000;9(11):2285-91. DOI:10.1110/ps.9.11.2285 | PubMed ID:11305239 [14]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed